1 Neutrinos: Past, Present and Future
1.1 Neutrinos in Nuclear and Particle Physics
1.1.1 Pauli's Neutrino Hypothesis
1.1.2 Weak Interactions and Neutrinos
1.1.3 Discoveries of Neutrinos
1.2 Neutrinos in Astronomy and Cosmology
1.2.1 Neutrinos from Stars and Supernovae
1.2.2 High-energy Cosmic Neutrinos
1.2.3 Cosmic Neutrino Background
1.3 Knowledge and Questions on Neutrinos
1.3.1 Present Knowledge on Neutrinos
1.3.2 Open Questions on Neutrinos
References
2 Neutrinos within the Standard Model
2.1 Fundamentals of the Standard Model
2.1.1 Gauge Symmetries
2.1.2 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
2.1.3 Renormalizability
2.1.4 The Standard Electroweak Model
2.2 Standard Interactions of Neutrinos
2.2.1 Neutrino-electron Scattering
2.2.2 Neutrino-neutrino Scattering
2.2.3 Neutrino-nucleon Interactions
2.3 Neutrino Propagation in a Medium
2.3.1 Coherent Forward Scattering
2.3.2 The Effective Potential
2.3.3 Neutrino Self-energy Approach
References
3 Neutrinos beyond the Standard Model
3.1 Experimental Evidence for Neutrino Masses
3.1.1 Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations
3.1.2 Accelerator Neutrino Oscillations
3.1.3 Solar Neutrino Oscillations
3.1.4 Reactor Neutrino Oscillations
3.1.5 Implications of Experimental Data
3.2 Dirac and Majorana Neutrino Mass Terms
3.2.1 Dirac Masses and Lepton Number Conservation
3.2.2 Majorana Masses and Lepton Number Violation
3.2.3 Hybrid Mass Terms and Seesaw Mechanisms
3.3 C, P and T Properties of Fermion Fields
3.3.1 C, P and T Transformations of Spinor Bilinears
3.3.2 CP Violation in Quark and Lepton Sectors
3.4 Electromagnetic Properties of Massive Neutrinos
3.4.1 Electromagnetic Form Factors
3.4.2 Magnetic and Electric Dipole Moments
3.4.3 Radiative Decays of Massive Neutrinos
3.4.4 Electromagnetic Neutrino-electron Scattering
3.5 Lepton Flavor Mixing and CP Violation
3.5.1 Classification of Different Parametrizations
3.5.2 Democratic and Tri-bimaximal Mixing Patterns
3.5.3 Rephasing Invariants and Unitarity Triangles
3.5.4 Flavor Problems in Particle Physics
3.6 Running Behaviors of Neutrino Mass Parameters
3.6.1 One-loop Renormalization-group Equations
3.6.2 Evolution of Majorana Neutrino Mass Parameters
3.6.3 Evolution of Dirac Neutrino Mass Parameters
References
4 Seesaw Mechanisms of Neutrino Masses
4.1 How to Generate Tiny Neutrino Masses
4.1.1 Non-seesaw Mechanisms
4.1.2 Seesaw Mechanisms
4.1.3 The Weinberg Operator
4.2 On the Scales of Seesaw Mechanisms
4.2.1 Seesaw-induced Hierarchy Problem
4.2.2 Seesaw-induced Naturalness Problem
4.3 Seesaw Mechanisms at the TeV Scale
4.3.1 Type-I Seesaw Mechanism
4.3.2 Type-II Seesaw Mechanism
4.3.3 Type-(I+II) Seesaw Mechanism
4.3.4 Type-III Seesaw Mechanism
4.3.5 Inverse Seesaw Mechanism
4.4 Multiple Seesaw Mechanisms
4.4.1 Two Classes of Multiple Seesaw Mechanisms
4.4.2 Charged-current Interactions
4.5 Non-unitary Neutrino Mixing and CP Violation
4.5.1 Jarlskog Invariants of CP Violation
4.5.2 Mixing Angles and CP-violating Phases
References
5 Phenomenology of Neutrino Oscillations
5.1 Neutrino Oscillations and Matter Effects
5.1.1 Neutrino Oscillations in Vacuum
5.1.2 Adiabatic Neutrino Oscillations in Matter
5.1.3 Non-adiabatic Neutrino Oscillations in Matter
5.1.4 The 3 ~ 3 Neutrino Mixing Matrix in Matter
5.1.5 Leptonic Unitarity Triangles in Matter
5.2 Neutrino Oscillations and Quantum Coherence
5.2.1 A Paradox of Neutrino Oscillations
5.2.2 The Wave-packet Approach
5.2.3 Coherence of Cosmic Neutrinos
5.3 Density Matrix Formulation
5.3.1 Two-flavor Neutrino Oscillations
5.3.2 Three-flavor Neutrino Oscillations
5.3.3 Non-linear Evolution Equations
5.4 Future Long-baseline Neutrino Oscillation Facilities
5.4.1 Prospects of Accelerator Neutrino Experiments
5.4.2 Prospects of Reactor Antineutrino Experiments
References
6 Neutrinos from Stars
6.1 Stellar Evolution in a Nutshell
6.1.1 Distance, Luminosity and Mass
6.1.2 Basic Equations of Stellar Evolution
6.1.3 Energy Sources of Stars
6.1.4 The Mass-Luminosity Relation
6.2 Neutrinos from the Sun
6.2.1 The Standard Solar Model
6.2.2 Proton-proton Chain and CNO Cycle
6.2.3 Solar Neutrino Fluxes
6.3 Experimental Detection of Solar Neutrinos
6.3.1 Radiochemical Methods
6.3.2 Water Cherenkov Detectors
6.3.3 Future Solar Neutrino Experiments
6.4 Solar Neutrino Oscillations
6.4.1 The Solar Neutrino Problem
6.4.2 The MSW Matter Effects
6.4.3 Constraints on Neutrino Properties
References
7 Neutrinos from Supernovae
7.1 Stellar Core Collapses and Supernova Neutrinos
7.1.1 Degenerate Stars
7.1.2 Core-collapse Supernovae
7.1.3 Supernova Neutrinos
7.2 Lessons from the Supernova 1987A
7.2.1 Discoveries of the Neutrino Burst
7.2.2 Constraints on Neutrino Properties
7.2.3 The Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background
7.2.4 Future Supernova Neutrino Experiments
7.3 Matter Effects on Supernova Neutrinos
7.3.1 Neutrino Fluxes and Energy Spectra
7.3.2 Matter Effects in the Supernova
7.3.3 Matter Effects in the Earth
7.4 Collective Neutrino Flavor Conversions
7.4.1 Equations of Motion
7.4.2 Synchronized Neutrino Oscillations
7.4.3 Bipolar Flavor Conversions
7.4.4 Neutrino Spectral Splits
7.4.5 Effects of Three Neutrino Flavors
References
8 Ultrahigh-energy Cosmic Neutrinos
8.1 Possible Sources of UHE Cosmic Neutrinos
8.1.1 The GZK Cutoff and UHE Neutrinos
8.1.2 Astrophysical Sources of UHE Neutrinos
8.1.3 Top-down Models and UHE Neutrinos
8.2 Detection of UHE Cosmic Neutrinos
8.2.1 A km3-scale UHE Neutrino Telescope
8.2.2 Identification of UHE Neutrino Flavors
8.2.3 Other Ways to Detect UHE Neutrinos
8.3 Flavor Distribution of UHE Cosmic Neutrinos
8.3.1 Flavor Issues of UHE Neutrinos
8.3.2 Flavor Effects in New Physics Scenarios
8.4 Neutrinos and Multi-messenger Astronomy
8.4.1 Cosmic Neutrinos and Z-bursts
8.4.2 Cosmic Neutrinos and Gamma Rays
8.4.3 Neutrinos and Gravitational Waves
References
9 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Relic Neutrinos
9.1 Neutrinos in the Early Universe
9.1.1 Hubble's Law and the Friedmann Equations
9.1.2 The Energy Density of the Universe
9.1.3 The Age and Radius of the Universe
9.1.4 Radiation in the Early Universe
9.1.5 Neutrino Decoupling
9.2 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
9.2.1 The Neutron-to-proton Ratio
9.2.2 Synthesis of the Light Nuclei
9.2.3 The Baryon Density and Neutrino Species
9.3 Possible Ways to Detect Relic Neutrinos
9.3.1 Cosmic Neutrino Background
9.3.2 Direct Detection of Relic Neutrinos
References
10 Neutrinos and Cosmological Structures
10.1 The Cosmic Microwave Background
10.1.1 Matter-radiation Equality
10.1.2 Formation of the CMB
10.1.3 Anisotropies of the CMB
10.1.4 Neutrino Species and Masses
10.2 Large-scale Structures and Dark Matter
10.2.1 Inflation and Density Fluctuations
10.2.2 LSS and Dark Matter
10.2.3 Constraints on Neutrino Masses
10.2.4 Sterile Neutrinos as Dark Matter
References
11 Cosmological Matter-antimatter Asymmetry
11.1 Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe
11.1.1 Constraints from Antimatter Searches
11.1.2 Observations from the CMB and BBN
11.2 Typical Mechanisms of Baryogenesis
11.2.1 Sakharov Conditions
11.2.2 Electroweak Baryogenesis
11.2.3 GUT Baryogenesis
11.2.4 The Affieck-Dine Mechanism
11.2.5 Leptogenesis
11.3 Baryogenesis via Leptogenesis
11.3.1 Thermal or Non-thermal Production
11.3.2 CP-violating Asymmetries
11.3.3 Boltzmann Equations
11.3.4 Baryon Number Asymmetry
11.4 Recent Developments in Leptogenesis
11.4.1 Triplet Leptogenesis
11.4.2 Resonant Leptogenesis
11.4.3 Soft Leptogenesis
11.4.4 Flavor Effects
References
Index
