本书是根据教育部高等学校大学计算机课程教学指导委员会关于高校计算机基础教学的有关精神，同时根据以应用型人才为目标的培养方案编写的。全书共分 8 章，主要内容包括：计算机概论、计算思维、 Windows 操作系统、文字处理软件、电子表格处理软件、演示文稿制作软件、算法与程序设计、计算机网络与 Internet 等。 本书结合大学计算机基础课程的基本教学要求，参考了全国计算机等级考试二级 MS Office 考试大纲要求，兼顾计算机技术的近期新发展，结构严谨，层次清晰，内容丰富。为提高读者的实际操作应用能力，本书也有配套的实验教程。 本书可作为各高校各专业"大学计算机”课程的教材，也可作为计算机应用技术的培训教程和计算机爱好者的参考用书。

第1 章 计算机基础知识 ·················································································.1 1.1 计算机概述 ·······················································································.1 1.1.1 计算机的诞生 ··········································································.1 1.1.2 计算机的发展阶段 ····································································.2 1.1.3 计算机的特点 ··········································································.3 1.1.4 计算机的应用 ··········································································.4 1.1.5 计算机发展的趋势及面临的挑战 ··················································.5 1.2 计算机中数据的表示与运算 ··································································.7 1.2.1 数据与信息 ·············································································.7 1.2.2 数值数据在计算机中的表示 ························································.7 1.2.3 不同进制数之间的转换 ······························································.8 1.2.4 非数值数据在计算机中的表示 ···················································.11 1.2.5 计算机中数据的存储单位 ·························································.12 1.3 计算机系统组成 ···············································································.12 1.3.1 硬件系统组成及各部分功能 ······················································.13 1.3.2 软件系统组成 ········································································.16 1.4 计算机的基本工作原理 ······································································.17 1.4.1 指令与指令执行过程 ·······························································.17 1.4.2 指令系统 ··············································································.17 1.4.3 操作系统概述 ········································································.18 1.4.4 计算机语言及其处理程序 ·························································.21 1.5 计算机的主要技术指标 ······································································.22 习题1 ··································································································.23 第2 章 操作系统 ························································································.26 2.1 操作系统的概念 ···············································································.26 2.1.1 什么是操作系统 ·····································································.26 2.1.2 为什么需要操作系统 ·······························································.26 2.1.3 操作系统的特征 ·····································································.27 2.2 操作系统的类型 ···············································································.27 2.3 操作系统的功能 ···············································································.30 2.3.1 进程管理 ··············································································.31 2.3.2 存储管理 ··············································································.36 2.3.3 文件管理 ··············································································.37 2.3.4 设备管理 ··············································································.40 2.4 操作系统的实例 ···············································································.43 2.4.1 UNIX 操作系统 ······································································.43 2.4.2 Linux 操作系统 ······································································.44 2.4.3 Windows 操作系统 ··································································.45 2.4.4 macOS ·················································································.47 习题2 ··································································································.48 第3 章 计算机网络基础和Internet 应用 ···························································.51 3.1 计算机网络的形成与发展 ···································································.51 3.1.1 计算机网络的产生 ··································································.51 3.1.2 计算机网络的发展 ··································································.52 3.1.3 计算机网络的发展趋势 ····························································.52 3.2 计算机网络的功能和应用 ···································································.56 3.2.1 计算机网络的功能 ··································································.56 3.2.2 计算机网络的应用 ··································································.57 3.3 计算机网络的分类 ············································································.59 3.3.1 按网络传输技术分类 ·······························································.59 3.3.2 按网络覆盖范围分类 ·······························································.59 3.3.3 按网络拓扑结构分类 ·······························································.60 3.3.4 其他的网络分类方法 ·······························································.60 3.4 计算机网络的拓扑结构 ······································································.61 3.5 计算机网络的基本组成 ······································································.63 3.5.1 计算机网络的系统组成 ····························································.63 3.5.2 计算机网络的组件 ··································································.65 3.6 传输介质与网络标准化 ······································································.66 3.6.1 有线传输介质 ········································································.66 3.6.2 无线传输介质 ········································································.69 3.6.3 几种传输介质的安全性比较 ······················································.70 3.6.4 计算机网络的标准化 ·······························································.71 3.7 Internet 简介 ····················································································.72 3.7.1 Internet 的基本概念 ·································································.72 3.7.2 Internet 的发展历史 ·································································.73 3.7.3 Internet 在我国的发展 ······························································.74 3.7.4 Internet 的组织与管理 ······························································.75 3.8 Internet 地址 ····················································································.76 3.8.1 IP 地址 ·················································································.77 3.8.2 域名 ····················································································.83 3.8.3 IPv6 ····················································································.84 3.9 Internet 的应用 ·················································································.88 3.9.1 WWW 服务 ···········································································.88 3.9.2 电子邮件 ··············································································.90 3.9.3 FTP 服务 ···············································································.92 3.10 Intranet ·························································································.94 3.10.1 Intranet 的概述 ······································································.94 3.10.2 Intranet 的特点 ······································································.95 3.10.3 Intranet 的应用 ······································································.95 习题3 ··································································································.96 第4 章 数据结构与算法基础 ·········································································.98 4.1 算法和算法分析 ···············································································.98 4.1.1 算法的概念 ···········································································.98 4.1.2 算法的特征 ···········································································.98 4.1.3 算法的效率 ···········································································.99 4.2 数据结构的基本概念 ········································································.100 4.3 数据结构的分类及表示 ·····································································.102 4.4 线性结构 ·······················································································.102 4.4.1 线性表 ················································································.102 4.4.2 栈和队列 ·············································································.104 4.4.3 树与二叉树 ··········································································.106 4.4.4 图 ······················································································.108 4.4.5 查找 ···················································································.110 4.4.6 排序 ···················································································.110 习题4 ·································································································.113 第5 章 程序设计基础 ·················································································.116 5.1 程序设计方法与风格 ········································································.116 5.2 结构化程序设计 ··············································································.118 5.2.1 结构化程序设计的原则 ···························································.118 5.2.2 结构化程序的基本结构与特点 ··················································.119 5.2.3 结构化程序设计原则和方法的应用 ············································.120 5.3 面向对象的程序设计 ········································································.120 5.3.1 关于面向对象方法 ·································································.120 5.3.2 面向对象方法的基本概念 ························································.123 习题5 ·································································································.127 第6 章 软件工程基础 ·················································································.129 6.1 软件工程的基本概念 ········································································.129 6.1.1 软件定义与软件特点 ······························································.129 6.1.2 软件危机与软件工程 ······························································.130 6.1.3 软件过程与软件生命周期 ························································.132 6.1.4 软件工程的目标与原则 ···························································.134 6.1.5 软件开发工具与软件开发环境 ··················································.135 6.2 结构化分析 ····················································································.135 6.2.1 需求分析与需求分析方法 ························································.136 6.2.2 结构化分析方法 ····································································.137 6.2.3 软件需求规格说明 ·································································.141 6.3 结构化设计方法 ··············································································.143 6.3.1 软件设计的基本概念 ······························································.143 6.3.2 概要设计 ·············································································.144 6.3.3 详细设计 ·············································································.150 6.4 软件测试 ·······················································································.154 6.4.1 软件测试的目的和定义 ···························································.154 6.4.2 软件测试的准则 ····································································.155 6.4.3 软件测试方法与技术综述 ························································.155 6.4.4 软件测试的实施 ····································································.163 6.5 程序的调试 ····················································································.167 6.5.1 基本概念 ·············································································.167 6.5.2 软件调试方法 ·······································································.168 习题6 ·································································································.170 第7 章 数据库设计基础 ··············································································.172 7.1 数据库系统的基本概念 ·····································································.172 7.1.1 数据、数据库、数据库管理系统 ···············································.172 7.1.2 数据管理技术的发展 ······························································.176 7.1.3 数据库系统的基本特点 ···························································.178 7.1.4 数据库系统的内部结构体系 ·····················································.179 7.2 数据模型 ·······················································································.180 7.2.1 数据模型的基本概念 ······························································.180 7.2.2 概念模型 ·············································································.182 7.2.3 层次模型 ·············································································.184 7.2.4 网状模型 ·············································································.185 7.2.5 关系模型 ·············································································.186 7.3 关系代数 ·······················································································.189 7.4 数据库设计与管理 ···········································································.194 7.4.1 数据库的设计方法 ·································································.194 7.4.2 数据库的设计步骤 ·································································.194 7.4.3 数据库的需求分析 ·································································.195 7.4.4 数据库的概念设计 ·································································.196 7.4.5 数据库的逻辑设计 ·································································.199 7.4.6 数据库的物理设计 ·································································.201 习题7 ·································································································.202 第8 章 新一代信息技术 ··············································································.204 8.1 物联网 ··························································································.204 8.1.1 物联网的概述 ·······································································.204 8.1.2 物联网的关键技术 ·································································.205 8.1.3 物联网的应用 ·······································································.206 8.1.4 物联网安全 ··········································································.208 8.2 人工智能 ·······················································································.209 8.2.1 人工智能的概述 ····································································.209 8.2.2 人工智能的发展阶段 ······························································.209 8.2.3 人工智能的应用领域 ······························································.210 8.2.4 人工智能产品 ·······································································.212 8.2.5 人工智能的影响 ····································································.212 8.3 大数据 ··························································································.213 8.3.1 大数据的概述 ·······································································.213 8.3.2 大数据的特点 ·······································································.214 8.3.3 大数据的分析 ·······································································.215 8.3.4 大数据的应用 ·······································································.217 8.3.5 大数据的影响 ·······································································.218 8.4 云计算 ··························································································.219 8.4.1 云计算的概述 ·······································································.219 8.4.2 云计算的特点 ·······································································.220 8.4.3 云计算的交付模型 ·································································.221 8.4.4 云计算的应用 ·······································································.222 8.4.5 云计算的优势与面临的挑战 ·····················································.223 8.5 区块链 ··························································································.224 8.5.1 区块链的概述 ·······································································.224 8.5.2 区块链的特征 ·······································································.225 8.5.3 区块链的核心技术 ·································································.226 8.5.4 区块链的应用领域 ·································································.227 8.5.5 区块链面临的机遇与挑战 ························································.227 习题8 ·································································································.228 附录A ASCII 编码 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