本书主要采用了截至2021年底的科技统计数据及相关的经济、社会统计数据，重点反映《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006—2020年）》和《“十三五”国家科技创新规划》实施以来中国科学技术发展的基本态势，揭示科技活动在支撑经济社会转型发展过程中的主要特征，展现中国增强自主创新能力、建设创新型国家的历史进程。

本书主要采用了截至2021年底的科技统计数据及相关的经济、社会统计数据，重点反映《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006—2020年）》和《“十三五”国家科技创新规划》实施以来中国科学技术发展的基本态势，揭示科技活动在支撑经济社会转型发展过程中的主要特征，展现中国增强自主创新能力、建设创新型国家的历史进程。

"综  述································································································ 1
第一章研究与试验发展人员 ································································11
第一节研究与试验发展人员概况····················································· 11
第二节研究与试验发展人员的结构·················································· 14
第三节科技人力资源培养······························································ 18
第二章研究与试验发展经费 ································································23
第一节研究与试验发展经费概况····················································· 23
第二节研究与试验发展经费的结构·················································· 28
第三节研究与试验发展经费的来源与流向········································· 34
第四节国家财政科学技术支出························································ 37
第三章科技活动产出 ·········································································43
第一节科技论文·········································································· 43
第二节专利············································································· 55
第三节技术交易·········································································· 63
第四章企业的研究与试验发展活动及创新 ··············································67
第一节企业的研究与试验发展活动·················································· 67
第二节工业企业的研究与试验发展活动············································ 72
第三节工业企业的产学研合作与技术获取········································· 80
第四节企业的创新活动································································· 84
第五章高等学校的科技活动 ································································92
第一节高等学校基本概况······························································ 92
第二节高等学校研究与试验发展机构及人员······································ 95
第三节高等学校的研究与试验发展经费·········································· 100
第四节高等学校科技活动产出与成果转化······································· 106
第六章政府研究机构的科技活动 ························································ 112
第一节研究机构基本概况···························································· 112
第二节研究机构的 R&D人员 ······················································· 114
第三节研究机构 R&D经费 ·························································· 117
第四节科技活动产出与成果转让··················································· 125
第七章高技术产业与创新创业 ··························································· 132
第一节高技术产业····································································· 132
第二节高技术产品····································································· 140
第三节国家高新区与创业孵化载体················································ 144
第四节创业风险投资·································································· 149
第八章地区科学技术指标 ································································· 154
第一节主要科技指标地区分布······················································ 154
第二节区域科技分布特征···························································· 167
第九章公民对科学技术的理解与态度 ·················································· 178
第一节公民的科学素质状况························································· 178
第二节公民的科技信息来源························································· 183
第三节公民对科学技术的态度······················································ 190
附  表 ·························································································· 193
主要指标解释···················································································· 279 "