1.Molecular diversity(分子多态性);

      2.Mismatch distribution(错配分布);

      3.Haplotype frequency estimation(单倍型频率估计);

      4.Linkage disequilibrium(连锁不平衡：检测不同位点上等位基因的非随机关联);

      5.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(哈温—伯格平衡);

      6.Tajima`s neutrality test(Tajima中性检验);

      7.Fu`s neutrality test(Fu中性检验);

      8.Ewens-watterson neutrality test(Ewens-watterson中性检验);

      9.Chakraborty`s amalgamation test (Chakraborty`s 融合检验，检测人群的均一性或同质性和中性选择等);

      10.Minimu Spanning Network(最小扩张树或称之为最小支撑树,，基于分子差异);

      11.AMOVA 分子差异度分析，用以评测人群的遗传结构;

      12.Pairwise genetic distances (遗传距离的估计);

      13.Exact test of population differentiation (检测随机交配群体单倍型的非随机分布);

      14.Assignment test of genotype (通过估计等位基因频率将单个基因型分配到特定的人群中);